Cyberspace Operations creates strategic effects through what?

The creation of strategic effects in Cyberspace Operations is primarily achieved through tactical actions. Tactical actions involve the specific steps and operations carried out in the digital domain to achieve a defined objective. These actions can include offensive maneuvers like cyber attacks to disrupt adversary capabilities, as well as defensive measures to protect critical infrastructure. The emphasis on tactical actions reflects the dynamic and immediate nature of cybersecurity, where swift decisions and operations can lead to significant shifts in control and influence over information and systems.

While other elements, such as cybersecurity measures or global partnerships, contribute to an overall strategy, they do not directly create effects in the same way that tactical actions do. Cybersecurity measures focus more on protection and prevention, and global partnerships are about collaboration but do not execute operational maneuvers. Software updates can enhance security and functionality but are often considered part of the maintenance and support aspect rather than direct tactical actions that affect the strategic landscape.